The protocols for email and the internet are often maintained by overstretched volunteers, causing security holes when they fail. Berlin wants more support for this behind-the-scenes technology.

Sweden has banned Chinese vendor Huawei from its network, but Hungary has not. With networks so entwined, such discrepancies could imperil the whole single market. European legislation may be required to prevent this

Officials want to rein in applications such as live facial scanning, but pledge to promote AI with ‘sandboxes’ that allow companies to have early discussions with regulators on acceptable uses

Horizon Europe projects will aim to develop new tools and techniques to prevent cyberattacks, fight crime and terrorism, and tighten border controls

Centre will play a key role in coordinating research and supporting an EU-wide ‘cybersecurity shield’

Would-be host cities vying to become home to new centre, which will coordinate cybersecurity research in Horizon Europe and manage an EU-wide network of those involved in the field

Police, border force, the Joint Research Centre and national research labs to work together on a new innovation hub, as part of strategy to prevent and combat crime, terrorism and cyber threats

Tim Berners-Lee says he doesn’t know what the internet will look like in 30 years, but urges users to demand more control of their data